Subsonic Aircraft - Iain Boyd is a fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the Royal Aeronautical Society. He is a paid consultant for a number of organizations, both non-profit and for-profit.
Flying faster than the speed of sound still sounds futuristic to ordinary people, more than 15 years after the last commercial supersonic flights. The planes that made these trips, the 14 planes collectively known as the Concorde, flew from 1976 to 2003. It traveled three times faster than regular passenger planes, but the airlines that flew it could not make money from their trips.
Subsonic Aircraft
The reason the Concorde was unprofitable was really a side effect of its speed. As the plane accelerated to the speed of sound—about 760 miles per hour—it created shock waves in the air that would hit the ground with a loud and sudden impact: an audible "boom." It's so alarming to people on the ground that US federal regulations prohibit all commercial aircraft from flying faster than the speed of sound above the ground.
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These regulations, and the amount of fuel the aircraft could carry, effectively limited the Concorde to transatlantic flights. Flying was still so expensive that a one-way ticket between London and New York could cost upwards of $5,000. And Concorde often flew with half the seats empty.
The main advantage of supersonic travel is the reduction of flight time. A three-hour flight across the Atlantic can make a day trip from the US to London or Paris, essentially saving an entire day of work. As an aerospace engineer who studies high-speed aircraft, I believe that recent advances in technology and new trends in commercial aviation can make supersonic flight economically viable. But the rules must change before civilians can glide through the sky faster than sound.
When an airplane accelerates, it creates forward air pressure by pushing air in front of it. When it passes the speed of sound, the pressure is tracked as a ship's wake, creating a sonic shock wave. Chabacano/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA
When an airplane flies through the air, it creates pressure waves that travel at the speed of sound. When the plane itself flies faster than sound, the disturbances are compressed into a more powerful disturbance called a shock wave. Shock wave patterns around supersonic jets were recently recorded in NASA experiments. When a supersonic aircraft flies overhead, some of the shock waves may reach the ground. This is the sonic boom, which is experienced as a startling bang.
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Commercial flights are regulated in the United States by the Federal Aviation Administration. To protect the public from sonic booms, current FAA regulations prohibit land flight of any commercial aircraft at supersonic speeds.
However, NASA is working to significantly reduce the sonic boom in its X-59 program. By carefully shaping the aircraft, the goal is to weaken the shock waves or prevent them from reaching the ground.
With flight demonstrations set to begin in 2021, success in NASA's project could remove a key barrier to supersonic flight.
A NASA promotional video shows early renderings of a supersonic jet that makes a much quieter sonic boom than the Concorde.
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My dad took me to see Concorde take off in the early 1970s and what I remember after all these years is the noise. Today, I recognize that airport landing and takeoff noise is another barrier to supersonic aircraft. Airport noise is also regulated in the United States by the FAA, and current regulations require supersonic aircraft to meet the same airport noise standards as subsonic aircraft. However, Concorde was so tall that there had to be an exception to these rules.
The latest subsonic aircraft use very large jet engines that provide high fuel efficiency. These engines also significantly reduce airport noise by accelerating a larger volume of air to a lower speed than smaller engines. The new engines are so quiet that regulators have been able to reduce the amount of noise planes have had to make twice since Concorde stopped flying.
These standards are now much more difficult for supersonic aircraft to meet. That's because supersonic planes can't use the big new engines, which greatly increase drag at high speed. On the other hand, more fuel is required to be carried on board and burned during flight, which is both difficult and expensive. Essentially, when designing supersonic aircraft, a compromise must be found between noise and efficiency.
However, some recent innovations in airfield noise reduction of subsonic aircraft will also provide reductions for supersonic vehicles compared to the Concorde design of the 1960s. These advances include the use of chevrons on jet engine nozzles to reduce jet noise by more efficiently mixing engine gas with the outside air flow.
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With the improved speed and accuracy of computer simulations, it is now easier to research new noise-reducing airframe designs.
In addition to the technological advances since Concorde's retirement, there have also been important changes in commercial air travel patterns. Specifically, there has been a significant increase in the use of commercial business jets and their ownership among wealthy individuals. So a promising approach to re-introduce supersonic commercial aircraft is to develop small business jets. This is the approach chosen by Aerion.
Technology and market forces are making supersonic aircraft more affordable and accessible—but the relevant aviation rules haven't changed since the Concorde era. In its 2018 Reauthorization Act, the FAA is required to review supersonic aircraft sonic boom and airport noise rules.
Recently, the current US administration has signaled that it wants to change the rules to facilitate supersonic commercial flight. An important first step involves the FAA streamlining the process for testing supersonic aircraft.
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In my opinion, the current total ban on all supersonic ground flights is too restrictive. Aircraft flying at low supersonic speed do not create significant boom. And NASA's X-59 project could result in supersonic aircraft with much weaker booms. Instead of banning booms entirely, it would be better to set maximum boom levels to balance the benefits of supersonic flight with the noise damage.
Additionally, I believe that current airport noise regulations, which require supersonic aircraft to be no louder than subsonic aircraft, place an undue burden on supersonic aircraft developers. First, as mentioned earlier, the Concorde sets a precedent for making a special case for supersonic aircraft. Second, for many years after their initial reintroduction, the total number of supersonic aircraft departing from any airport will be a small fraction of all traffic. For example, a study conducted for Aerion showed potential sales of 30 supersonic aircraft per year for 20 years in the small business market. Regulations should accommodate both what supersonic aircraft technology can reasonably deliver and what airport communities will tolerate.
Momentum is building through technology and market changes that could bring back supersonic commercial flight if regulations are followed. While it may initially only be available to a select few, the experience gained in developing and operating these aircraft will inevitably lead to new innovations that lower ticket prices and open the possibility of flying faster than the speed of sound to the wider society. .
Nuestra audiencia The Conversation has an audience menu of 18 million lessons and an effect of 42 million and a review of licenses from Republicación Creative Commons. Five companies have been awarded contracts to help NASA identify risk and cost reduction strategies for potential future demonstration of subsonic transport aircraft technologies.
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The agency selected Boeing (NYSE: BA ), Raytheon Technologies (NYSE: RTN ), General Electric (NYSE: GE ), Blended Wing Aircraft and ROHR to support the Future Subsonic Demonstrator Risk Reduction Activities program, according to award notices released Monday at SAM .gov.
NASA is seeking technologies capable of facilitating subsonic transportation while meeting its goals for aeronautical sustainability, environmental, noise reduction, efficiency and cost.
In the statement of objectives, the agency noted that the next generation single-aisle vision transport system could include concepts for a tube-and-wing configuration, trussed wings and a lifting-wing body configuration.
Five companies have been awarded contracts to help NASA identify risk and cost reduction strategies for potential future demonstration of subsonic transport aircraft technologies. The agency selected Boeing (NYSE: BA ), Raytheon Technologies (NYSE: RTN ), General Electric (NYSE: GE ), Blended Wing Aircraft and ROHR to support future risk reduction activities by subsonic demonstrators
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A subsonic aircraft is an aircraft with a maximum speed less than the speed of sound (Mach 1). The term technical
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